Resumen El derrame volátil es definido como la inestabilidad entre mercados. Sucede cuando el precio de la volatilidad cambia en un mercado causando un impacto rezagado en el precio de la volatilidad en otro mercado que se encuentra por encima los efectos locales del mercado. En este estudio los modelos GARCH son utilizados para examinar la posiblidad de transmición de volatilidad entre el índice KSE100( Pakistan) y el índice S&P500 (Estados Unidos). En otras palabras, para examinar la influencia de la volatilidad en otro y vice versa. El modelo EGCARCH también fue aplicado y se observa nuestro intento por analizar la simetría y la persistencia de la volatilidad en el KSE100 y el S&P500, se evidencia con claridad que choques en la volatilidad de ambos tiene un efecto asimetrico y persistente. A partir del estudio se observó que los choques al rendimiento de las acciones en un mercado no se transmiten al otro, en otras palabras, no hay presencia de efecto de derrame entre las dos bolsas de Valores.

Abstract The volatility spillover is defined as the transmission of instability from market to market. It occurs when the volatility price change in one market causes a lagged impact on volatility price in another market above the local effects of market. In this study the garchmodels are used to examine the possibility of volatility transmission between the KSE100 index (Pakistan) and S&P500 index (USA); in other words, to examine how the volatility in one market mayinfluence the other and vice versa. The egarchmodel is also applied and it was observed that our attempt to analyze symmetry and persistence in the KSE100 index and the S&P500 index volatility proved that there is clear evidence that shocks to the volatitlity of the KSE100 and S&P500 indexes have asymmetric and persistent effects. It is observed from the study that the shocks to the stock returns in one market do not transmit to the other; in other words, it appears that there is no spillover effect between the two stock markets.

Resumo O derramamento volátil é definido como a instabilidade entre mercados. Acontece quando o preço da volatilidade muda em um mercado causando um impacto atrasado no preço da volatilidade em outro mercado que se encontra por cima dos efeitos locais do mercado. Neste estudo os modelos GARCH são utilizados para examinar a possibilidade de transmissão de volatilidade entre o índice KSE100 (Paquistão) e o índice S&P500 (Estados Unidos). Em outras palavras, para examinar a influência da volatilidade em outro e vice-versa. O modelo EGCARCH também foi aplicado e se observa nossa tentativa por analisar a simetria e a persistência da volatilidade no KSE100 e o S&P500, se evidencia com claridade que choques na volatilidade de ambos os dois tem um efeito assimétrico e persistente. A partir do estudo se observou que os choques ao rendimento das ações em um mercado não se transmitem ao outro, em outras palavras, não há presença de efeito de derramamento entre as duas bolsas de Valores.

Abstract The leaves of Syringa oblata Lindl., Oleaceae, had been extensively used as a folk medicine to treat various infections, heal inflammations, icteric hepatitis and acute mastitis. The study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of S. oblata leaves ethanol extract against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in primary hepatocytes and mice with the indicator of glutathione S-transferase alpha 1. The hepatoprotective effects of S. oblata leaves ethanol extract were evaluated on the basis of liver histopathology and biochemical parameters as well as hepatic oxidative stress markers. The results showed that CCl4 negatively modulated biochemical parameters and liver antioxidant activities. However, the use of S. oblata leaves ethanol extract restored altered-serum biochemical parameters and liver antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, the trends in S-transferase alpha 1 were similar to alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase level, and S-transferase alpha 1 was suggested to be a marker for the evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of S. oblata leaves ethanol extract. Histopathological examination showed that CCl4 causes significant hepatic injury relative to control group. The above findings suggested that S. oblata leaves ethanol extract has hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatic injury and S-transferase alpha 1 may be an indicator to evaluate the protective effects of S. oblata leaves ethanol extract.

ABSTRACT In this study, we optimized the baicalin water extraction process from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Lamiaceae (a traditional Chinese medicine). Orthogonal test design L9(3)4 was used to analyze the optimization of water extraction process of baicalin from S. baicalensis. The effect of solid–liquid ratio, extraction time and soaking time on the yield of baicalin were investigated and optimized by orthogonal test. High-performance liquid chromatography was employed for the determination of extraction yield of baicalin. Analysis of variance was carried out to study the effects of the above three factors. The results showed that solid–liquid ratio plays a significant role in attaining maximum extraction yields of baicalin. However, the other two factors had some effect (not statistically significant) on the extraction yield of baicalin. Conclusively, the optimum experimental conditions such as the solid–liquid ratio (1:12), extraction time (30 min) and soaking time (1 h) for the water extraction of baicalin were proposed which can provide the maximum extraction yield of baicalin. In addition, the score based on the content of baicalin and total solid residues yield were used as evaluation indexes for baicalin uterus suppositories evaluation.

Generally herbicides (pesticides) have the potential to pollute the environment. Ground water, ponds, lakes and rivers are strongly affected by herbicide pollution. The herbicides that find their way into rivers, streams and lakes end up poisoning the marine life and have an adverse effect on the fishing industry. So in field studies, the phytotoxic effects of organic weed extracts were determined on the weeds and wheat crop. Ethanol or CHCl3 (trichloromethane or chloroform) extracts of toothpick weed (Ammi visnaga L.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) were applied at 1 000 and 500 ppm. One month after wheat sowing. The CHCl3 extract of field bindweed at 1 000 ppm and toothpick weed at 500 ppm drastically reduced the weeds population (33.67 weeds m-2 each than 101 m-2 in untreated control) but increased the wheat grain yield. The CHCl3 extract of bindweed applied at 500 ppm gave maximum wheat yield (1.2 t ha-1), while toothpick weed extract in the same solvent and applied at 1 000 ppm gave wheat yield of 1.1 t ha-1. Judicious control measures for noxious weeds of allelopathic extracts are recommended to be adopted for harvesting better quantity and quality of wheat and also avoid the air pollution as well.

Generalmente, los herbicidas (pesticidas) tienen el potencial de contaminar el medio ambiente. Agua subterránea, estanques, lagos y ríos se ven fuertemente afectados por la contaminación de éstos. Los herbicidas que encuentran su camino en los ríos, arroyos y lagos acabar envenenando la vida marina y tener un efecto adverso en la industria pesquera. Así que, en los estudios de campo, los efectos fitotóxicos de extractos orgánicos de malezas se determinaron en las malezas y cosecha de trigo. El etanol CHCl3 (triclorometano o cloroformo) o extractos de algas palillo de dientes (Ammi visnaga L.) y la enredadera de campo (Convolvulus arvensis L.) se aplicaron en 1 000 y 500 ppm. Un mes después de la siembra de trigo, el extracto de CHCl3 de correhuela a 1 000 ppm y malezas palillo de dientes a 500 ppm, reducido drásticamente la población de malezas (33,67 malezas m-2 cada uno de 101 m-2 en el control sin tratar), pero aumentó el rendimiento de grano de trigo. El extracto CHCl3 de enredadera, aplicada a 500 ppm, dio un rendimiento del trigo máximo (1.2 t ha-1), mientras que el extracto de malezas palillo de dientes en el mismo disolvente y se aplica a1 000 ppm dio el rendimiento de trigo de 1,1 t ha-1. Se recomiendan medidas de control juiciosas para malas hierbas nocivas de extractos alelopáticos que se adopte para la cosecha de mejor calidad y cantidad de trigo y también evitar la contaminación del aire.